Analysis of “Ave Maria”

Bethany Thompson Professor Breese English 266 3 February 2009 Analysis of â€Å"Ave Maria† Frank O’Hara’s poem, â€Å"Ave Maria,† encourages overprotective mothers to let their children experience life. The poem begins with the command, â€Å"Mothers of America / let your kids go to the movies! † He proposes a series of rationales for following this advice, including the conditional love of children who â€Å"won’t hate you† if they are permitted to do what they want.The true reason behind this directive, however, is made clear in lines 13 – 16: â€Å"they may even be grateful to you / for their first sexual experience / which only cost you a quarter / and didn’t upset the peaceful home. † The idea that a parent could provide a child’s first sexual experience may be shocking to parents, but O’Hara’s poem implies that by allowing them this experience, you have readied them for adulthood. Also, t he image of sexuality being priced like popcorn, â€Å"a quarter†, is amusing; it’s the pleasures of adulthood at quite a bargain.O’Hara initially contrasts the â€Å"peaceful home† – a room, a yard, â€Å"mothers,† and â€Å"little tykes† – with the movie theatre, â€Å"embossed by silvery images. † He then contrasts the parents’ overprotective instruction with that of a â€Å"pleasant stranger† who offers the equivalent: â€Å"they will know where candy bars come from and gratuitous bags of popcorn as gratuitous as leaving the movie before it’s over with a pleasant stranger whose apartment is in the Heaven on Earth Bldg near the Williamsburg Bridge†These children will learn about adulthood through gaining sexual knowledge. O’Hara paints a win / win situation. If â€Å"nobody picks them up in the movies/ they won’t know the difference / and if somebody does it’ll be shee r gravy. † He suggests that if they don’t get their first sexual experience, they will at least have seen a movie, instead of staying in their room â€Å"hating you. †   O’Hara concludes his poetic admonition with a warning. He cautions mothers not to blame him if they don’t take his advice and their families fall apart.The connection between keeping kids home from the movies and families falling apart may seem far-fetched, but the movies are symbolizing all the things a child is forbidden to do. Too much restriction will push them away. The final image is that of children growing â€Å"old and blind in front of a TV set† watching the films they weren’t allowed to see when they were small. This gives the impression that no matter how much a mother tries to shelter her children, they will eventually do all the things that were forbidden them.There are several things that draw attention to the mothers, the first being the title of the poem. Perhaps it is an ironic statement on the imperfection of mothers in comparison to the â€Å"Holy Mother. † There are two lines that suggest the mothers might have ulterior motives for sending their children to the movies. Lines 3 and 4 suggest mothers â€Å"get them out of the house so they won’t know what / you’re up to,† which implies the mothers also have something to hide.These motives are not the main focus of the poem and are undisclosed by the author. We are left to guess what the mothers are really â€Å"up to. † In short, O’Hara recommends that parents let their children experience life on their own terms. Parents are told that preventing their children from making their own choices will cause resentment and leave the children fantasizing about the experiences they wish they had. A wise parent allows their children to grow into experienced adults by letting them to go out and explore, not coddling by them.

Student Sport and Fitness

Table of Contents 1. Introduction3 2. Key literature review3 3. Methodology5 4. Presentation of findings7 4. 1. Quantitative data7 4. 2. Qualitative data12 5. Data analysis14 5. 1. Perception of NTU’s Master Students towards sport and fitness14 5. 2. Do NTU Master Students maintain their health by participating in sport and physical activities? 15 6. Reflections on the Collection and Utilisation of Data17 6. 1. Reflective Observation18 6. 1. 1. Collection Data18 6. 1. 2. Utilisation of Data19 6. 2. Abstract Conceptualisation20 6. 3. Active Experimentation20 7. Conclusion21 References22 Appendices24 ? 1.Introduction Nowadays, Sport and Fitness is becoming more and more important in life of every people all over the world. According to Euro barometer (2010), it is because people are being aware of the vital of doing sport and physical activity to improving health both in physical and mental. However, due to the lack of information in connection with university student in the UK, this report investigates the perception and action of students towards sport and fitness of students in Nottingham Trent University (NTU). The data which is utilised in this study was acquired through quantitative and qualitative research.Questionnaire and interview are respectively conducted on 50 and 10 NTU’s Management Master Students of September course of the academic year 2011/2012. The respond rate is 100% for both types of researches. 2. Key literature review There are numerous studies of sport and fitness which illustrating vast benefits of sport participant. Sport and PA are constituents of enhancing health and enriching the social interconnection to support a meaningful life to people all over the world (GRANT, 2001; COLLINS and KAY, 2003:28; RENFROW et al, 2011).Nevertheless, International Olympic Committee (2011) emphasised the risk of insufficient sport and physical activities (PA) in adolescents which lead negative affect to health physically and mentally. Lav erie (1998) suggests the most significant reasons encourage participants are have fun, learn new skills, make friends, social group. However, despite the recognition of sport’s vitality, not everyone participate in sport and PA, due to the differences of a number of factors.The table following illustrates two main factors which affect sport participation the most: age and gender. There are also some studies about other factors such as availability of green space and family culture. AUTHORSMain StudyAgeGenderOther factors VAN TUYCKOM, et al. (2010)Gender and age differences in regular sport participation across 25 European Countries. The level of participation in regular sporting activities varies among young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults age categories. In general, men participate in regular sporting activities than women.COOMBES (2010)The relationship of PA and overweight which measured by accessibility and utilisation of green spacePeople tend to be more acti ve and participate in sport and PA when being surrounded with more green spaces RENFROW, M. S. , et al (2011)â€Å"The relationship between sports participation and health-related physical fitness in middle school and high school. †Increase in male participant will increase health-related physical fitness, but not females due to the difference in kind of sport chosen. BIRCHWOOD, D. et al. (2008) WHEELER, S. 2012)Family culture has substantial affect to sport participation. Living in the family which parents invest a considerable amount in sport will influence children’s sporting participation in the future. In this research, the word â€Å"sport† is used not only for activities which require specific skills and fixed rules to compete against other individuals or teams in specific areas. It also involves leisured physical activities which do not require competition but also result health’s benefit such as going to exercise at gymnasium.In other words, it i s called informal activities (L'AOUSTET and GRIFFET, 2001). BOREHAM and RIDDOCH (2001) mention that playing organised sports either formally or informally results healthy body for older children. Furthermore, people now participate in physical activities not only follow sport organisations but also on their own ways in the streets or in a park based on the need in expanding green spaces or downtown park for informal activities (Coombes, 2010, L'AOUSTET and GRIFFET, 2001). It is significant evidence demonstrating the benefit of sport and PA.The whole world understands the important of sport and PA in life and there are an increasing number of organisations with several policies to incite participant in sport and PA to maintain health and fitness such as Sport England. However, the main subject is mostly children, young adult, athletic student and older people. That is the reason to carry out this report. 3. Methodology In this research study, primary research was conducted with the p urpose of collecting qualitative and quantitative data through questionnaire and one-to-one interview.Quantitative research was conducted on the sample of 50 management master students of Nottingham Trent University. The questionnaire was developed to examine the perception and action of students for participating in sports. The questionnaires with 14 questions (see more in appendix A) were given out to 50 management master students with the respond rate is 100%. The research attempted to focus on equally gender among respondents, yet the reality is 29 male and 21 female with a variety of age (Table 1) Table 1: Frequency of respondents on the basis of ages FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent Valid1812. 02. 02. 0 2012. 02. 4. 0 2112. 02. 06. 0 22510. 010. 016. 0 23612. 012. 028. 0 241428. 028. 056. 0 251428. 028. 084. 0 2624. 04. 088. 0 2724. 04. 092. 0 3024. 04. 096. 0 3212. 02. 098. 0 3612. 02. 0100. 0 Total50100. 0100. 0 Qualitative research was conducted on 10 student s. Each interviewee was asked eight questions within 8 minutes duration in average (see more in Appendix C). All interviews were recoded under permission of interviewees and consequently were coded in order to be used in this study. Before carrying out the research, questionnaire and interview questions are piloted by all members in group 5-cohort D. 4. Presentation of findings 4. 1.Quantitative data Fortuitously, the ratio of students which place sport in priority position in their daily life is equally with 50% do and another 50% do not. There is an assumption that sport which was ranked as 1st, 2nd or 3rd is considered as important in their daily routine. The result illustrates only 22 respondents (44%) who ranked sport as important in their daily routine. Among those, there are 6 respondents who are female (Table 2). Fourth is the most popular ranking for importance of sport in women’s daily routine with 12 respondents. In any case, respondents completely agree that sport is benefit to maintain physical health.Table 2: The important of sport in daily routine on the basis of gender (1 as the most important, and 6 as the least important) GenderTotalCumulative Total MaleFemale How is important of sport in your daily routine? 1Count5166 % within How is important of sport in your daily routine? 83. 3%16. 7%100. 0% 2Count43713 % within How is important of sport in your daily routine? 57. 1%42. 9%100. 0% 3Count72922 % within How is important of sport in your daily routine? 77. 8%22. 2%100. 0% 4Count5121739 % within How is important of sport in your daily routine? 29. 4%70. 6%100. 0% 5Count62847 % within How is important of sport in your daily routine? 5. 0%25. 0%100. 0% 6Count21350 % within How is important of sport in your daily routine? 66. 7%33. 3%100. 0% TotalCount292150 % within How is important of sport in your daily routine? 58. 0%42. 0%100. 0% According to Figure 1, respondents who considered sport as important in daily life are scattered from age 18th to age 30th. The middle line represents the median of the sample which means the middle value of entire age sample; in this case, it is age 24th. The box size represents the distribution of the sample; in this case, the sample mainly distributed among those respondents whose ages are between 24th and 25th.Two little circles on the graph represented two values (18th age and 30th age) which extremely departed from the rest of sample. Figure 1: Box plots of ages among respondents who rated sport as most important. In addition to those 44% of above respondents, in term of sport, mostly they are spending on fees (sport club or gym club fees) (24% in 44%); following is equipment and others with 16% and 4% respectively (Table 3). Table 3: Frequency of respondents on the basis of which is spent most. FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent Valid2856. 056. 056. 0 Equipment816. 016. 072. 0 Fees1224. 24. 096. 0 Others24. 04. 0100. 0 Total50100. 0100. 0 However, on the basis of gen der, half of male (8 respondents) spend the most on equipment, 6 of the remainder spend on fees. On the other hands, 100% female merely spend on fees (Figure 2). Figure 2: What is the most spent on by male and female? In related to the frequency of sport participation, result signified 17 respondents doing sport 2 or 3 days per week which take 34% which is demonstrated on figure 3. Following right after are weekly and occasionally with 28% (14 respondents) evenly. Figure 3: Frequency of participating in sport and PARegarding the attitude and action towards doing sport, sport playing in casual way is enjoyed the most according to 34 selections from respondents. The next most enjoyed is gymnastic activities in casual way with 15 selections. Following is doing sport and gymnastic activities in formal way with 13 and 4 selections respectively. Conversely, the most popular way that respondents really do is doing gymnastic activities in formal way with 26 selections. Follow formally work out at gymnasium are doing gymnastic activities in casual way, doing sport casually and doing sport formally with 23, 20, 18 selections correspondingly (figure 4).Figure 4: Differences between attitude and action towards doing sport. Regarding the place students choose the most for doing sport; sport clubs, gymnasium and parks are the priority choices (Figure 5). University ground is the least choice with only 4 selections. Figure 5: Where students choose to do sport the most. Result revealed only 24% (12 respondents) have joined sport clubs with major reasons are keep fit and having fun (included their self and with friends).There is an open format question which asked for reason why people in general joining sport clubs, results indicated involved for healthier, enjoyment and fitness, with the most popular reason is healthier (11 given) (Figure 6). It is noticed that only two-third of total respondents provide reasons. Figure 6: Most popular reasons for students joining sport club s Laziness was the majority reason (34 selections) for miscarry out sport and PA of master students in NTU. Workload and time constraint respectively followed by with 15 and 13 selections (Figure 7) Figure 7: Most popular reasons for students to fail to participate in sport 4. . Qualitative data Research attained 7 out of 10 respondents have hobby which related to sport and physical activities (Table 4). Only one of them is doing sport formally that is defined as trainings with adequate facilities and coaches. Regardless of some respondents do not have sport hobby, everyone suggested sport is indispensable in life. They find it is healthier compare between before and after doing sport. Table 4: Common hobby which related to sport and physical activities cited by respondents R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R10 _Play badminton and tennis or sometime go to gym.Doing sport activities, especially training boxing. Playing basketball with friends. _Playing sport generally. â€Å"Going to gym†Ã¢â‚ ¬Å"Play football, swimming, badminton†_â€Å"Love swimming and skating† (Note: R is interpreted as Respondent) Despite of the similar sporting hobby, the reason for some respondents to participant in sport and PA is totally different (table 6). It is noticed not every respondents mention this in their answers. Laziness is the reason that every respondents (100%) suggested for unsuccessful in participating in sport and PA. Table 6: Reasons for respondents’ participation in sport and PA R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R10 N/ATo get ability to compete in matchesTo have fun with friends. Also it is better for health_N/Aâ€Å"I am not kind of sport person, but want to fit my body†To be healthy_N/A Result discovered the difference in participation in sport and PA of several respondents who are international students (R1, R2 and R3) between in their home country and in the UK (Table 7) Table 7: Different in attitude of respondents R1In India: go to gym twice or thrice per week In the UK: no involvement in any sporting activities R2In India: playing badminton, tennis In the UK: go to gym only R4In Vietnam: swimming, play basketball everydayIn the UK: playing basketball, but not very frequency. Regarding the awareness of doing sport whether in formal or informal way, moderately, respondents are aware of so many opportunities to exercise around them, yet, not all of students take that. Conversely, in some cases, students are not aware that they are doing exercise by taking those opportunities. 5. Data analysis 5. 1. Perception of NTU’s Master Students towards sport and fitness The objective of this research question is to clarify there is a tight relationship between sport and fitness regardless formal or informal form.Besides, it also examines the most important issue that students join sport and PA for. At a glance, from both quantitative and qualitative data, NTU students agreed sport and physical activities has a relationship to fitness. In other words, they are helpful to maintain their health not only in physical but also in mental side. Obviously, the result reflected equivalent points with key literature review. Research also realised NTU Master Students neither lean towards informal nor formal sport and PA. The fact is 43 students want benefit from sport and gym in casual way and 44 students want them in formal way (Figure 3).In other words, it can be said quite a lot of students actually do both formal and informal sport and PA. However, doing sport casually is the way they most enjoy. Related to qualitative data, most of respondents (exclude respondent 3) prefer casual way doing sport mainly due to laziness and time constraint. For example, respondent 7 perceived sport in his daily routine completely casually. His exercise mainly are walking on the street or going to gym and exercise on his way. Also according to figure 3, the outcome reflected the difference in students’ attitude towards participating in spor ts and the action they really do.Indeed, 34 respondents enjoy playing sport casually; however, only 20 students actually do that. Surprisingly, sport clubs where people can do sport formally is still the most popular place for NTU Master Students involving in sport and PA. With respect to which is spent on more in term of supporting participants, sport/gym club fees are spent on the most regardless the gender. Additionally, equipment is spent on predominantly by male. It is easily perceived that, female are more likely to get involve in sport and PA which is provided with convenience such as joining club to get full facilities and assistance from trainer.On the contrary, male students not only invest in fees but also in equipment and others which are able to offer substantial support to participants. Related to other study, findings indicated the most significant reasons which encourage NTU’s students join sport clubs are to be healthier, enjoyment and fitness. By means of th at, it clearly proved NTU Master Student are truthfully concerned about their health. In contrast, when asking respondents whose hobby related to sport activities for participating reasons, 3 out of 4 respondents answered not related to health benefit. Competition, have fun with friends and body fit were the answers.Essentially, sport brings so many benefits in general; however, the benefits vary among different students. Whatsoever the benefits students want, health factor always exists. Indeed, doing sport require a large volume of movements including muscle groups used, hence, providing more strength, flexible and endured body and health (BOREHAM and RIDDOCH, 2001) In brief, NTU Master Students believe a relationship between sport and fitness regardless the way of acting neither formally or informally. There is a difference in students’ attitude towards doing sport and their real action.Health is the most concern issue for them to joining sport and PA. 5. 2. Do NTU Master Students maintain their health by participating in sport and physical activities? The objective of this research question is to find out whether students maintain their health by participating in sport and PA; and also expose factors influence students’ participating in sport and PA. From the sections above it is straightforwardly seen that, even though students recognise the important of sport in life and really care about their health, not every of them participating in sport and PA.Only 44% respondents considered sport as important in their daily routine. However, there is not matching with other figure. In fact, up to 50% respondents stated sport is priority in their daily routine. The reason of bias might due to not reflect carefully before ranking the importance of daily activities of some respondents (question 3, see more in Appendix 1). In term of learning the frequency of participating in sport and PA of NTU Master Students, playing sport 2-3 days per week was chosen by more than two third of the sample size. Unpredictably, exercising everyday was the fewest choice with only 2 selections.Both quantitative and qualitative data reflected that laziness is the most considerable reason causing unsuccessful in doing sport and PA of NTU’s student. Through interviews, in addition to laziness, almost agreed they felt on joining in sport and PA because they are busy with their study which can be considered as the combination of workload and time constraint options in quantitative data. It is vital to understand the most considerable factors affect students concerning their involvement in sport. For NTU’s Master Students, gender reflected the significant difference in their attitude towards sport and PA.Indeed, among 44% respondents above, 72% of them are male, only 28% are female. This result reflected the issue about factors which affect people’s participation in sport and PA in Van Tuyckom’s study (2010). However, only parti al issue corrected as age tend to not have so much influence on NTU students’ participation (Figure 1). The reason is probably due to the limited on chosen sample which only master students. 24th and 25th are the most popular ages in this research due to the fact that normally, master students’ ages vary mostly between ages 22nd to age 25th.Therefore, it is understandable why respondents in 44% above mainly dispensed in those two ages. Added into the above, qualitative research discovered culture also played important role in term of influence NTU’s student in joining sport and PA. In more details, it is due to the differences in their social life and environment between their home countries and the UK. Respondent 2 expressed after coming to UK for study, she usually does not have so much time to exercise, therefore, going to gym and work out by her way in a short time is her solution for keeping fitness.Besides, respondent 4 who is influence to participate in s port by his friends stated due to lack of friends in the UK, he feel lack of motivation to do sport, therefore, he rather stay at home and play his favourite computer games than involving in sport. Despite participating in sport and PA in clubs, gyms or exercise on one self’s way to keep fit and healthy; there are tons of opportunities to exercise offered everywhere such as not taking a lift to go up but using a stair. Through qualitative research, when being asked for the awareness of opportunities to exercise of people in general, the outcome was moderately balanced.A number of respondents supposed people recognise opportunities to exercise during normal activities in life. Some of others expressed the disagreement. Respondent 4 said: â€Å"Almost my friends like to play computer games; we usually play games, so I don’t think they know what the opportunity to exercise is. † Regarding whether people take opportunities to exercise or not, the results depend on t heir attitude towards sport and fitness, and the situation is. Respondent 3 answered because he does not really count on fitness; thus, he takes lift when he feels lazy.Some respondents are happy to walk from home to school and vice versa as they enjoy exercising and also enjoy the fresh air. On the other hands, some people do not recognise themselves are exercising through their daily activities. Respondent 6 mentioned for generally female extremely love shopping, and that can be considered as an opportunity to exercise, but not everyone know it. Concisely, NTU Master Students do participating in sport and PA to maintain their health, yet, not everyone does. Research also figured out gender and culture have influence the rate of involvement.Besides, people understand there are so many opportunities to exercise around them; however, not all of them do. 6. Reflections on the Collection and Utilisation of Data Reflection is necessary in learning, which requires look back on what were been done, carefully think about it, learn from it to achieve more effective performance (Moon, 1999). In this section, Kolb’s learning cycle (1984) is used to facilitate the reflection of this report (Figure 7). I might start from reflection point forwards because concrete experience was what I have been doing from the beginning to the end of this report.Figure 7: Kolb’s Learning Cycle (Source: Kolb, 1984: p. 23) 6. 1. Reflective Observation 6. 1. 1. Collection Data At the beginning, we only concentrated to other core modules and underestimated the important of research method module. Therefore, we received almost negative feedback for formative presentation which was the chance for us to demonstrate our understanding of the given topic as well as research questions. After the leading from module tutor, we understood what we must focus on to draw appropriate research questions for our given topic.After our research questions were clear, learned from previous experienc e, we put a lot of effort to design questionnaire and interview questions from the starting point. Once again, we received a lot of negative feedback due to the lack of experience in designing questions. It was not because the questions did not support our research but the way of asking which were quite ambiguous and direct. As, those kinds of questions might cause difficulties for respondents when trying to answer them (Bryman and Bell, 2003).We learned from negative feedback, and redesigned them till reaching the most appropriate and supportive questions (see more in appendices A and C). Our group included five members had to conduct 50 questionnaires and 10 interviews. Consent form is attached to every single questionnaires and interviews for respondents to read, understand and sign in which could ensure respondents’ confidence. The works were divided equally to each member. Thanks to the support of the university, we could complete our mission within one week.Also, the fo cused sample was our university fellows who did exactly the same as we had to do. Therefore, they ready helped us to fill in questionnaires as well as were being so enthusiastic to answer our interviews. Despite of that, there were some limitations when collecting data. Firstly, we totally overlooked the gender factor in our sample involved due to our somewhat hasty when sending out questionnaires and delivering interviews which affected the final result. The fact, gender element did not affect so much on questionnaire analysis as luckily the ifferent ratio between female and male (0. 42:0. 5) among questionnaire sample was not significant. However, it did not repeat with interview sample (0. 3:0. 5). Therefore, in final result where related to gender, I could not compare and reflect the outcome between qualitative and quantitative data. Knowing that university created favourable conditions to help us working smoothly, so we tried to collect all quantitative data in only a few hours . That is why we could not control the quality of each form and consequently led to a number of bias data.Therefore, the results were considered as moderately convincing. Even though the questionnaire form was designed and piloted before sending out to respondents, there were a few mistakes which we did not recognise until the collecting and analysing data process had finished. For example, in questionnaire form, still there is a leading question (question 14) which â€Å"appear to lead respondents in a particular direction† (Bryman and Bell, 2003). Moreover, such question did not provide respondents space to express their view completely.Question 5 was quite ambiguous that made few people confused to answer and therefore led to unexpected result. Our questionnaire involved a couple of open questions. Although answers required more time in coding but it also brought wider knowledge to us. Yet, the respond rate could not achieve 100% for those questions because it required gre ater effort from respondents and normally many of them did not write expansively in questionnaires. Furthermore, question 9 and 10 was likely unhelpful to research questions. 6. 1. 2. Utilisation of DataWe agreed to use Microsoft Excel as a first place where quantitative data are put together. Similarly, after interviewing, each member has a duty to write down transcripts of their interviews. Our leader was responsible for putting all data together and would send it to every member with purpose of ensuring same set of data is used. After receiving all data, SPSS and Excel were used at the same time to assist me analyse quantitative data in this report. On the other hands, interview data was coded with purpose of using in qualitative analysis.Two set of data subsequently were compared and contrasted to each other to find differences and similarities. I believe our data are moderately reliable and valid. Firstly, our selected sample was current NTU Master Students therefore; the resul ts are repeatable for those studies with same kind of sample. Even though only 85% quantitative data was used due to some of asking questions did not relevant to research questions; the remaining data was helpful to deliver meaningful information which directly answered our research questions.However, it is undeniable the limitation in utilising data, due to unachievable 100% respond rate in a couple of questions and the lack of designing questions. Indeed, there were too little options for respondents to choose in some questions. For example Question 13 actually had a wide range of answers, yet, we only provided 4 options included â€Å"other options†. 6. 2. Abstract Conceptualisation Bryman and Bell (2003:36) emphasise the vital role of research questions in implementing a research. Therefore, it is necessary and fundamental to draw appropriate research questions clearly from the starting point of a research.Consequently, qualitative and quantitative research must be design ed under research questions in order to collect data that helpful in providing meaningful final results. In term of designing questions, sample size and gender ratio must be noticed to enable to gather supportive data. Testing questionnaire on some of our friends before sending out to ensure all questions are useful and enable to avoiding such as leading, ambiguous questions. Besides, put more effort during collecting period to avoid randomly answer from respondents.Throughout the researching period, we experienced not only academic works but also team working. Even though this is not our first time working together, yet the first time working together for such a long time. We understand that effectiveness of the whole group brings huge positive effect to our results. Meeting on time, responsibility and enthusiasm are found as important in order to achieve the most effective result. 6. 3. Active Experimentation If I had to do this report again, I would try out what I have learnt fro m experiences.Firstly and also the most important thing is I would put highly concentration from the very beginning. I would improve my designing questions skills through reading more books before starting designing. That would save my time as well as increasing the effectiveness of the questions in particular and for whole research in general. When collecting data, I would be more concerned on choosing sample in order to get more reliable and validity data. When analysing data, analyse skills are extremely essential to be able to get the best out of the data.With the purpose of getting better research, I would improve my analyse skills and get better help from computer assisted such as SPSS for quantitative data or NVivo for qualitative data. Last but not least, when working with team, I would make sure that the group would follow three elements above to work as the most effective manner. 7. Conclusion Throughout this research, the research questions raised at the beginning are abl e to be answered. Regarding sport and fitness topic, research found out the difference between attitude and action of NTU Master Students.Furthermore, differences due to gender, culture are also discovered. In addition to sport, although students are able to recognise opportunities to exercise in their daily life, they are not likely to engage in. A number of reasons were spotted concerning the failure in involving in sport and exercise. In general, it would bring highly effect to several health issues such as obesity which is extremely alert to not only developed countries but also developing countries. References ALAN, B. 1. , and BRYMAN, A. , 1947-, 2003. Business research methods. Oxford: Oxford : Oxford University Press.BIRCHWOOD, D. , ROBERTS, K. and POLLOCK, G. , 2008. Explaining differences in sport participation rates among young adults: Evidence from the South Caucasus. European Physical Education Review, 14 (3), 283-298. BOREHAM, C. , and RIDDOCH, C. , 2001. The physical activity, fitness and health of children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19 (12), 915-929. COLLINS, M. F. , and KAY, T. , 2003. Sport and social exclusion. Psychology Press. COOMBES, E. , JONES, A. P. and HILLSDON, M. , 2010. The relationship of physical activity and overweight to objectively measured green space accessibility and use.Social Science & Medicine, 70 (6), 816-822. EUROBAROMETER, 2010. Sport and Physical Activity [pdf] Available at: http://ec. europa. eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_334_en. pdf [Accessed 11/04/12] GRANT, B. C. , 2001. ‘You're never too old’: beliefs about physical activity and playing sport in later life. Ageing and Society, 21 (6), 777-798. International Olympic Committee consensus statement on the health and fitness of young people through physical activity and sport. 2011. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45 (11), 839-848. KOLB, D. A. , and KOLB, D. A. 1984. Experiential learning : experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. ; London: Englewood Cliffs, N. J. ; London : Prentice-Hall. L'AOUSTET, O. , and GRIFFET, J. , 2001. The Experience of Teenagers at Marseilles' Skate Park: Emergence and Evaluation of an Urban Sports Site. Cities, 18 (6), 413-418. MOON, J. A. , and MOON, J. A. , 1999. Reflection in learning and professional development : theory and practice. London: London : Kogan Page. RENFROW, M. S. , CAPUTO, J. L. , OTTO, S. M. , FARLEY, R. R. and EVELAND-SAYERS, B. , 2011.The Relationship between Sports Participation and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Middle School and High School Students. Physical Educator, 68 (3), 118-123. VAN TUYCKOM, ,CHARLOTTE, SCHEERDER, J. and BRACKE, P. , 2010. Gender and age inequalities in regular sports participation: A cross-national study of 25 European countries. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28 (10), 1077-1084. WHEELER, S. , 2012. The significance of family culture for sports participation. International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 47 (2), 235-252. Appendices Appendix A: The questionnaire utilised to collect dataSTUDENT SPORTS AND FITNESS This questionnaire is designed as part of our research project which relating to Sport and Fitness among NTU Master Students. Please note that your participation is voluntary and that your data are anonymous and confidential. 1)Age: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2)Gender: ? Male ? Female 3)Please rate the following options based on the activities you carry out in your daily routine: (Rank on the scale of 1-6, 1 being more time allocated and 6 being least time allocated). ? Sport or exercise ? University work ? Home ? Job (Part-time/full-time) ? Social life Others If you rank out sports/exercise between 1 to 3 than answer 4th question 4)Which of the followings do you spend more on (in term of sport): ? Fees (club/gym membership) ? Equipment ? Other 5)In what ways and for what reasons you choose to do sport/exercise (Se lect with v) EnjoyWant Benefits Casual PlaySport Formal Play Casual PlayGym Formal Play 6)How often do you play? ? Everyday ? 2-3 days per week ? Weekly ? Monthly ? Occasionally 7) Does sports/exercise take the priority position in your daily routine? ? Yes? No 8) Where do you usually play sport? ? Sport clubs Parks ? University grounds ? Street ? Gymnastic ? Other options 9)Are you aware of the different sports clubs available in the university? ? Yes? No 10)Have you join a sport club? ? Yes (go to Q11)? No (go to Q12) 11)Why did you join? (Give 1 or 2 reasons) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12)Why do other students join sport clubs? (Give 1 or 2 reasons) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13)Think of your friends who do not â€Å"do† sport.Why? ? Laziness ? Workload ? Time constraint ? Other reasons 14)Do you think sports are helpful in maintaining physical health? ? Yes? No Thank you for your precious time. We would be glad to have your name and email address if you wish to be interviewed about this phenomenon. Name: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Email address: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Appendix B: Completed questionnaire Appendix C: The interview questions utilised to collect data Question 1: What hobbies/activities you like doing in your spare time?Question 2: How people perceive about sports in their daily routine? Question 3: Do you think there is a relationship between sport and fitness? Question 4: What difference do you feel before and after doing sports? Question 5: Why people engage themselves in sports? Question 6: Do people recognise opportunities to exercise? (Did you take that? Or what reason for not taking that? ) Appendix D: Observation sheet that other group member has performed on my interview Appendix E: Observation sheet that I have performed on my group member’s interview

3D Printing for the Built Environment-Free-Samples for Students

3D printing is the process of manufacturing an object in three dimension formations with material layer by layer. 3D printing is one of the additive layer fabrication processes, this technology uses a computer-based system to make a 3D model of the object and manufacture it by adding a layer at a time. This technology has enhanced and significantly upgraded into a great instrument for various fields. Merging various fields in single product formed 3D printer as it involves design, electronics, manufacturing, materials and business. 3D printing is known as additive manufacturing, as it is not like subtractive manufacturing and it adds material with lot of layers instead of removing material (Hager, Golonka and Putanowicz, 2016). This is beneficial for many fields such as researchers, manufacturers, designers, engineers and scientists. The 3D printing technology is revolutionising the procedure of manufacturing in various industries. It entirely modifies not only the manufacturing fiel d, but also entire life of people in the future as 3D printer makes feasible to complete model in a single process. 3D printing is an advancement of printing technologies which can manufacture or reproduce elegant structures in one piece. This technology offers direct manufacturing as through a printer, physical product can be generated directly by inputting a design from an idea. 3D printing is an innovative technology, it started in the 80’s and named as â€Å"rapid prototyping†. Today, 3D printers offer to manufacture a physical object from digital model as per the imagination. In order to use 3D printer, firstly preparation is mandatory before printing, like designing a 3D file of the object that has to be printed. To design 3D model or file there are many ways such as through CAD software, websites like Blender and Google SketchUp or it can be simply downloaded from online marketplace for pre made designed models (Kellens, et. al., 2017). When the 3D model is ready for printing then the printing process has to be done. For printing process, initially material has to be decided which would be required for the object. 3D printing provides vast variety of materials such as plastics, resins, sand, ceramics, metals, textiles, biomaterials, glass, food and also lunar dust (Peng, 2016). After deciding the materials for manufacturing and finishing of the object for the accurate result of design, the object has to be printed and if it has not been sanded, lacquered or painted to finish it as deliberated then usually it cannot be directly used or delivered. Printin g methods depend on material selected for the project. Printing techniques of each material are described; if plastic or alumide has to be used during manufacturing then fused deposition modelling technology (FDM) and SLS technology would be best suitable. FDM is the most frequently used printing technique because of the number of printers accessible in the market. In this technique the material is being melted and emitted with the help of a nozzle by each layer at a time to 3D print the object. Thickness of the layer is influenced by the quality of 3D print (Sculpteo, 2018). As compared to other 3D printing technologies, FDM is an affordable 3D printing process. SLS technology is a laser sintering 3D printing technique which includes fabrication of an item by melting layers of powder collectively to manufacture an object. If the materials are resin or wax during the additive manufacturing then there are four methods of 3D printing such as Stereo lithography (SLA), Digital light processing (DLP), Continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) and Multi jet printers. A tank is used of remediable photopolymer resin in SLA method. The build plate goes down and where UV laser creates cross section layer by layer then the liquid polymer is exposed to light. DLP method is similar as the SLA method, the difference is that in DLP method a safelight is used instead of UV laser to cure the photopolymer resin (Sculpteo, 2018). DLP method can be used for silver and brass 3D printing. CLIP method is used with a continuous sequence of UV images which are produced by a digital light projector, with the help of an oxygen permeable, UV transparent window under a liquid resin bath. Multi Jet printers are similar to SLA method, in this method UV light is used by poly jet and multi jet 3D printing techniques to link a phot opolymer. A printer jet pours tiny droplets of the photopolymer in the shape of the first layer and not scan laser to cure layers. When metal has to be used as material, then the methods would be DLP, Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and Electron beam melting (EBM). DLP can be used for silver and brass 3D prints. Primarily a wax model is 3D printed then lost was casting technique is used as before the wax is melted the pattern has to be made around it to create the object. In DMLS method laser is used as primary source to sinter metal powder through laser cross section layer by layer of the object (Sculpteo, 2018). In EBM method laser is not used during 3D print, instead of laser and electron beam is used to 3D print the metal. This electron beam melts the metal powder layer by layer and has ability of full melting of the metal powder. When multicolour is required during the 3D printing, then the methods used are Binder jetting, Selective deposition lamination (SDL) and Triple jetting technology (Poly jet). Binder jetting is very popular and useful as it provides the facility of producing detailed 3D prints with colour. To apply a layer of powder on the build platform, the automated roller is used. Liquid binder and colour can also be applied to create a cross section of the product. SDL method is processed with the help of paper. In this process layers of adhesive coated paper are stuck together with the support of high temperature roller and then slash with a laser cutter to give the appropriate shape (Fosso, 2017). Triple jetting technology includes printing with the three materials and can also use three colours. 3D printing is experiencing a boom in recent years. This technology is also known as additive manufacturer and helps to design and manufacture products faster than ever before. Hence, it is becoming more potential even if we consider environmental issues. 3D printing is friendly for environment by supportable material. If we think about sustainability then the important part is material used for 3D printing (Chen, 2016). In the last years, there have been some cases where development of 3D printer materials from recycled plastic has been practiced. According to Joshua Pear the plastic fibre from milk jugs is energy efficient. 3D printing is turning waste into fashion as this technology is not only helpful in reducing waste. Whereas, it also offers variety of ways for reuse the waste for the fashion industry. For example, the sports brand Adidas has printed shoe, which has a 3D printed midsole manufactured from recycled fishing nets. 3D printing uses a lot of energy. 3D printers are utilizing lasers or heat 50 to 100 times more electricity than production from traditional techniques to manufacture the same object of the equal weight. However, it has important impact on environment as in many areas electricity has been generated from fossil fuel sources (Liu, et. al., 2016). Less material is being used in 3D printing technology as compared to traditional manufacturing methods. 3D printing methods offers to melt, fuse, bind and sinter the amount of plastic, metal and ceramic. Whereas, in subtractive manufacturing usually cutting has to be done of excess material so the additive manufacturing is very different from the subtractive manufacturing. As energy has not been used to produce extra material and also to remove it during subtractive method has to be done. Hence, it uses less energy as compared to other methods. 3D printing is beneficial for environment as it has the ability to print objects at any place like at store or at home and this reduces the need to transport the objects manufactured. Hence, helpful in lowering the emissions caused with the transportation. 3D printed products are usually up to 50 per cent lighter than the products manufactured through standard techniques (Pirjan and Petrosanu, 2013). Hence, during transportation of the 3D printed products, less energy would be required. Whereas, the transportation is very less of the overall environmental impacts because when a product has to be shipped from thousands of miles away in any other country. 3D printed objects are usually manufactured of thermoplastic, which is not the greenest material and cannot be frequently recycled. Thermoplastic can be recycled by several machines in the market like the material which is from unsuccessful prototypes for use in 3D printers (Mendoza, 2015). Whereas, the more this recycled plastic is being recycled it becomes more delicate which tend users to become reluctant to try it. The industry is trying and working on improving their recycling technologies. 3D printing is environmentally-friendly as it prevents to use traditional petroleum based materials and includes the use biodegradable and renewable plant based sources. The two major plastics used in additive manufacturing come from corn (Rogers, et. al., 2016). Poly lactic acid creates little waste as it is biodegradable, renewable and nontoxic. In this industry because of these reasons this choice is on priority. This industry asks their designers to make lighter weight products. More time would be consumed for making something big. So, they line up the incentive structures of the economies and this would be helpful in meeting environmental priorities. 3D printing offers to manufacture the light weight and strong complex shapes very fast. This technique helps in manufacturing cars and wind turbines and when these products are made with lighter weight parts then they can be helpful in saving energy. 3D printing also has positive impact socially than environmental (Silva Barros, 2017). As 3D printing can be used at any place for printing objects, then this technique should be used in developing countries that are not connected from global supply chains. Additive manufacturing can efficiently employ raw materials and their functionality. In a powder based process, nonconsolidated raw materials are used such as in powder bed fusion that can be reused that would help in diminishing material waste (Boon and Van, 2017). Optimisation in the design of the object has been enabled by free form fabrication of the additive manufacturing. The optimal design will help in reduction of materials, energy, fuel, or natural resources in the product manufacturing.   When huge amounts of energy are wasted like in moulding or casting, then the additive manufacturing can change the process and can also save resources utilised on the fabrication of tooling during production. 3D printing is revolutionizing every field. This technique is beneficial for environment in many ways such as, new body parts can be printed and working ovaries for mice can be created. Biologists made infertile mice fertile again by providing them 3D printed ovaries. Hence, it can be said that this technique is helpful in saving the world (Mohr and Khan, 2015). This technique is helpful in predicting natural disasters as 3D geospatial modelling is easy to create, carry and transfer environmental safety messages, 3D landscapes has been best way of communication for geoscientists by satellites designed for disaster response. With the help of 3D printing, scientists can provide an understanding to people regarding landscape and the risk (Insight, 2013). This help in taking prior and effective actions for safety. All over the globe these printed models are being used for the safety purpose, these address critical problems such as cliff erosion, volcanic eruption and wildfires. 3D printi ng technique offers to create a bamboo bike by using natural resources like hemp and resin (Baumann and Roller, 2017). This bike has been created by using sustainably sourced material, holding bamboo rods together by tubular joining pieces called lugs. Lugs have been created by bio fibre and a plant based resin glue. When bamboo bicycle is created by using 3D printing then it has been analysed that lugs have been created from carbon fibre filament, carbon fibre is recyclable.      3D printing can be done on demand, as parts can be manufactured when they are required by producing on demand. This simply means instead of manufacturing products in bulk, now with the help of 3D printing production can be done when the objects are needed. This is beneficial in saving storage (Surange and Gharat, 2016). The less manufacturing of stock allows putting the less capital, on demand production is also beneficial because risk of unsold stock or wastage stock is less and also prevent from selling the stock on discount (Garcia, Claver and Sebastian, 2017). 3D printing lower the carbon dioxide footprint, other manufacturing techniques causes the emission of carbon dioxide because most of the machines use fuel for their operation. The carbon dioxide causes air pollution and global warming. According to the research done by an aerospace and defence research organisation on the environmental impacts of additive printing, it was found that along with the fact that this technique s ave usage of energy and reduce the carbon dioxide emission during transportation, 3D printing also makes lighter aircraft components, almost 40% less carbon dioxide has been used during the production process of these kind of printed parts. It has been concluded from the above report that 3D printing technology has positive impact on the environment. 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing and we have discussed the process of using 3D printing and also discussed about the materials used in this technique. There are different methods of 3D printing according to various materials. We have discussed the advantages and limitations of this technique. 3D printing is having a tremendous impact on industries such as aerospace and automotive to healthcare. This technique is turning waste into fashion, as it is utilizing waste in fashion industry. Huge amount of electricity and energy is being saved in this technique as compared to other techniques. 3D printing prevents the carbon dioxide emission. It is beneficial for environment as it prevents to use petroleum based materials and tends to use biodegradable and renewable sources. With the help of 3D printing technique the transportation has been reduced as it can be used anywhere and this technique offers to manufacture lighter weight products. This technique helps in knowing the disasters previously so that prior safety actions could be taken. 3D printing is an additive manufacturing which is beneficial for environment. Baumann, F.W. and Roller, D., 2017. Additive Manufacturing, Cloud-Based 3D Printing and Associated Services—Overview.  Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing,  1(2), p.15. Boon, W. and Van Wee, B., 2017. Influence of 3D printing on transport: a theory and experts judgment based conceptual model.  Transport Reviews, pp.1-20. Chen, Z., 2016. Research on the impact of 3D printing on the international supply chain.  Advances in Materials Science and Engineering,  2016. da Silva Barros, K., 2017.  Identification of the environmental impacts contributors related to the use of Additive Manufacturing technologies  (Doctoral dissertation, Università © Grenoble Alpes). Fosso Wamba, S., 2017. 3D Printing and Supply Chain Management: A Literature Review and Research Agenda. In  5th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (Meche), September  (Vol. 30). Garcà ­a-Domà ­nguez, A., Claver, J. and Sebastià ¡n, M.A., 2017. Study for the selection of design software for 3D printing topological optimization.  Procedia Manufacturing,  13, pp.903-909. Hager, I., Golonka, A. and Putanowicz, R., 2016. 3D printing of buildings and building components as the future of sustainable construction?.  Procedia Engineering,  151, pp.292-299. Insights, M.M., 2013. Layer-by-Layer: Opportunities in 3D printing Technology trends, growth drivers and the emergence of innovative applications in 3D printing. Kellens, K., Baumers, M., Gutowski, T.G., Flanagan, W., Lifset, R. and Duflou, J.R., 2017. Environmental dimensions of additive manufacturing: Mapping application domains and their environmental implications.  Journal of Industrial Ecology,  21(S1). Liu, Z., Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, T. and Zhang, H.C., 2016, June. Sustainability of 3D Printing: A Critical Review and Recommendations. In  ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference  (pp. V002T05A004-V002T05A004). American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Mendoza, A.J., 2015. Legal and Social Implications of the 3D Printing Revolution. Mohr, S. and Khan, O., 2015. 3D Printing and Supply chains of the Future.  Innovations and Strategies for Logistics and Supply Chains, pp.147-174. Peng, T., 2016. Analysis of energy utilization in 3d printing processes.  Procedia CIRP,  40, pp.62-67. Pà ®rjan, A. and Petrosanu, D.M., 2013. The impact of 3D printing technology on the society and economy.  Journal of Information Systems & Operations Management, p.1. Rogers, H., Baricz, N. and Pawar, K.S., 2016. 3D printing services: classification, supply chain implications and research agenda.  International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management,  46(10), pp.886-907. Sculpteo, 2018. 3D Printers and 3D Printing: Technologies, Processes and Techniques [Online]. Accessed from: https://www.sculpteo.com/en/3d-printing/3d-printing-technologies/ [2 nd April 2018]. Surange, V.G. and Gharat, P.V., 2016. 3D Printing Process Using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM).  International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET),  3(03).

Analysis two readings about Race and Ethnicity in American Culture Essay

Analysis two readings about Race and Ethnicity in American Culture - Essay Example Why? The Klan was naturally concerned about Hill’s activities as this enabled Hill to mobilize African Americans and educate them as to their civil and social rights. By educating African Americans, Hill could help them meet the literacy requirement and make them eligible to vote. He could pass on the information in the Republican newspaper to all African Americans. 3. Why did the Klan use such brutal violence against Hill and his relatives? Hill and his relatives were singled out for brutal violence due to Hill’s position as President of the Union League and the Klan’s belief that, as a preacher, he was instrumental in mobilizing African Americans to exercise their franchise. Hill’s correspondence with A.S. Wallace could instigate Congressional investigations into Klan activities. The Klan did not randomly choose people to terrorize. Hill was specifically targeted for his activities. 4. What significance, if any, should be attributed to the Klan’s demand that Hill pray for them? No significance need be attributed to the Klan’s demand that Hill pray for them, as the Klan appears to be totally committed to violence and the intimidation of African Americans. Their demand may be seen in the light of sarcasm, as Hill was a preacher. Document 3: The Ku Klux Klan Defends Americanism. 1. What did Evans mean by â€Å"the American race?† How was such a â€Å"race† formed? By â€Å"the American race† Evans meant the Americans whose ancestors belonged to the â€Å"old pioneer stock† (Evans, 126). This race was formed by the descendants of the pioneers who founded the nation. These pioneers were largely of Northwestern European heritage. 2. Why was the â€Å"Nordic American today --- a stranger?† The influx, and growing political clout, of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Jews and Catholics, undermined the dominance of the Nordic American. Protestant morals declined: Jews cel ebrated Sabbath on Saturday and religious instruction was banned in public schools. World War I demonstrated immigrants’ loyalty to their country of origin. 3. Why was â€Å"hyphenism† important? In what sense was â€Å"the melting pot --- a ghastly failure?† â€Å"Hyphenism† was important as it demonstrated that immigrants retained a dual identity and did not consider themselves as just Americans. The ‘Melting-pot’ metaphor was a failure as the various immigrant groups retained their unique ethnic practices and did not assimilate completely into American society. An immigrant might argue that retaining the ethnic practices of one’s country of origin enriched American culture and made it more vibrant. 4. Why did Evans believe â€Å"Liberalism† amount to â€Å"national, racial and spiritual treason?† â€Å"Liberalism† unconditionally accepted and aided immigrants, and therefore betrayed the interests of the old Nord ic race of Americans. The ideals of secularism changed the nature of American society and religion. A ‘Liberal’ might argue that philanthropy was open to all Americans and immigrants contributed to the advancement of American society in several fields. 3. Had the goals of the Klan changed from the Reconstruction era to the 1920’s? The goals of the Klan had definitely changed from the Reconstruction era to the 1920’s. This is unequivocally demonstrated by the two documents. In the Reconstruction era, as represented by Elias Hill’s testimony, the goal of the Klan was to serve as a vigilante group targeting African Americans and ensuring that

Reasearch Assignment 3 - Rough Draft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reasearch Assignment 3 - Rough Draft - Essay Example acquiesced and remained. The next day Tom had Rob Jr. write a letter to his parents telling them that he was planning to stay with the Church, as they were his "new" family. Rob Jr. was also told to demand money from his parents to cover his expenses. Rob Jr. remained with the church for a period of roughly six months. Rob Sr. and Bunny arranged to meet with Rob Jr. to give him his money for that month, and pulled him into the car and brought him home. They had to watch him carefully for about two weeks, but he finally came out of the "brainwashing." They want to sue the Church for a number of things. They want to sue on their sons behalf for the intentional torts that were inflicted on him, as well as for the torts committed against them. The term "false imprisonment" is misleading in that it does not necessarily refer to confinement within a prison. Ware v. Dunn, 80 Cal. App. 2d 936, 183 P.2d 128 (2d Dist. 1947). The term is broadly construed to mean detention of the plaintiff within boundaries fixed by the defendant, Stallings v. Foster, 119 Cal. App. 2d 614, 259 P.2d 1006 (3d Dist. 1953), either in prison Gogue v. MacDonald, 35 Cal. 2d 482, 218 P.2d 542, 21 A.L.R.2d 639 (1950) (county jail); Collins v. Owens, 77 Cal. App. 2d 713, 176 P.2d 372 (1st Dist. 1947) (incarceration in "drunk" cell) or in any place temporarily used for the purpose of confinement. Vandiveer v. Charters, 110 Cal. App. 347, 294 P. 440 (3d Dist. 1930).Thus, an action may be predicated on detention or confinement in a juvenile home McAlmond v. Trippel, 93 Cal. App. 584, 269 P. 937 (3d Dist. 1928) (rejecting contention that there can be no false imprisonment when detention is had under juvenile court laws and by juvenile court officers) or in a mental institution Collins v. Jones, 131 Cal. App. 747, 22 P.2d 39 (2d Dist. 1933) (overruled in part on other grounds by, Whaley v.

Intermediaries in Funding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intermediaries in Funding - Essay Example However, growth is directly associated to the introduction of financial asset or capital. The selection of right intermediary to obtain finance is not a straight forward process though, it is universally agreed that a commercial bank may serve that purpose well. Banking institution provides a certain amount of confidence and trust both to borrowers and lenders, due to the legal and ethical framework that normally regulates it. Bank provides loan as working capital to small and medium enterprises but also also provides some elements of institutionalised flexibility which greatly facilitates the concerned business as "intermediary are usually less risky"( Schenk. n.d). Many other intermediaries are available to obtain working capital for businesses. However, certain hindering factors come to surface seriously especially when it comes to guaranteed resettlement of borrowed capital and certain companies will have limitations depending on the stage they have reach in finance cycle. The extent of growth will influence thus the relationship with financial institutions and other s. The larger the companies the bigger are the trust customer and other institutions have in them mainly when there is joint venturing during which occurs mostly during diversification. Businesses at large are faced with extreme internal and external challenges.

Political economy in Guatemala Forest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political economy in Guatemala Forest - Essay Example g political development, environmental and ecological issues challenge policy development because of their dependency on prevailing political perspectives. This has been particularly apparent in developing countries that often have substantial natural resources but lack the means to develop, monitor and manage their use. An example of such a scenario is the case of El Petà ©n or the Petà ©n region in Guatemala. The region is known for its rich forestry resources that has attracted industries and, in most recent years in particular, ecotourism (World Tourism Organization 29-32). Organization and management of the region’s area is defined by management regimes: biotopes, core habitats, private preserves, buffer zones and areas for multiple-use (see Figure 1). A substantial part of the region is not under state regularization, the majority of which are held by private parties. The reservation for ecological use or reserves was defined by research identifying key areas for species under threat and topological significance for the eco-management of the rest of the region (Schwartz). The most recent classification of environmental protection areas were modified to allow for ecotourism and long-term biological/ecosystem studies (World Tourism Organization 66-67). Property ownership can be procured outright or through lease agreements and processing or utilization of resources is generally regulated through state franchises. Development programs have also been initiated independently by private sectors and the government, with the majority of development programs financed though international funding in the form of aid and research, build operate and transfer agreements and industry-based initiatives primarily from tourism, communications and transportation interests. The foremost mandate is the protection of ecological and a heritage site, which in the case of Petà ©n encompasses also those of cultural significance. Agricultural and forestry are the main areas of

Dangerous Driving Habits Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dangerous Driving Habits - Personal Statement Example It was a usual maddening, Monday morning and at 8:45 a.m. the drivers driving their cars were getting impatient to reach office on time. Amy was particularly concerned since her office had a policy of cutting off sick leaves after the first two late comings of the month. Hurriedly she looked at her flip mobile phone, opened it and saw the time.8:46, it was time to freak out, she was left with less than fifteen minutes to park her car, take the long walk and punch her attendance card on time. Every minute counted and she realized that waiting on any of the signals would mean tat she will be certainly late. She sped at 40 MPH at an orange signal, which was about to turn red. Apparently, the drivers on the other side were equally desperate to reach destination and used the orange light and raced ahead. As a result, Amy’s car was standing bumper to bumper with another car, while the rest of the traffic jammed in behind her. The series of incidents lead to what we may see as a viol ation of most written traffic rules and ‘driving ethics’ if such a term has been coined, including violating signal, talking on the mobile phone while driving, honking, undertaking & tailgating. Amy heard what she had always heard from others â€Å"Women Drivers!† filled with venom. My question is did this happen because Amy was a woman? Or are other drivers equally prone to such mistakes? The answer is quite obvious. ... These include undertaking, speeding, and talking on the mobile and signal violations. The second type of offense is a violation of the 'driving code of ethics', for which no regulations have been made as yet. These include tailgating, honking unnecessarily, driving very slow on a highway or in the right lane, weaving from lane to lane, wrong indicators, jamming brakes instantly and orange signal rushes. These offenses tend to test the patience of other drivers and often lead to more than usual traffic violations due to impatience. In our example, it can be seen that Amy did not directly violate the written laws. However, it could have bee an accident where both parties though orange signal is a go ahead. Considering the above, I would conclude by stressing that traffic rules need to be updated to include offenses of the second type. These offenses can be significant as well and can cause the aggressee their peace of mind while not providing any benefits to the aggressors. Honking at certain hours for example at night or outside a hospital should lead to tickets. Likewise, orange signal violation should be taken to be a violation. In our case, this could have actually leaded to a head on collision. Other offenses include tailgating, which unnerves the other driver and reduces their patience levels. In the meanwhile, eating and checking time on mobiles can even be dangerous. Consider another case in which you are driving behind another car at a speed of 80 Km/ hour .All of a sudden, the car in front of you jams the brakes. This leads to a series of collisions where by the chain of cars following each other bang into each other. The generally accepted rule is, it is always the fault of the person behind you, if you get hit from the back.

Teaching Citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teaching Citizenship - Essay Example Citizenship, exclusively, is both a discrete subject and also a culture - which is a way of living with its own distinct set of values, attitudes and nature which supports continuous lifelong learning. Since citizenship education is so completely new to the curriculum in most schools, the timetable contexts in which it takes place are likely to vary quite considerably. 'Many schools are recognizing the wider benefits of citizenship and offer 'special themed days' with a collapsed timetable and specialist speakers. In some schools, citizenship may be part of, and an extension to, existing programme of Pastoral, Social and Health Education (PSHE). In others there may be timetable slots quite explicitly labelled 'Citizenship'. In yet others, the requirements of the citizenship curriculum may be addressed within a framework of 'Humanities' teaching. Still other schools may decide to address citizenship in a totally 'embedded' cross-curricular way, identifying specific elements of the citizenship curriculum to be included in individual subject departments' schemes of work. Some schools are taking the opportunity to reflect on their organisation and are embracing a citizenship ethos in which citizenship concepts and knowledge are developed through active participation and greater learner responsibility. These schools have effective schools councils, student consultation and representation, shadowing, specialist student training, peer work, whole school special focus days, local and national student elections, involvement with other schools and links with the wider community including their local councilors and MP. Trainees on the course are encouraged to see themselves, first and foremost, as citizenship teachers capable of straddling most, if not all, of the fields of knowledge and pedagogical approaches to which reference has been made. Realistically, and in order to build a viable personal teaching timetable while on school experience, there may be a need to undertake some work in a 'traditional' subject allied to your degree specialism. Some students, (for example, those with degrees in psychology or sociology), may be able to contribute to post-16 teaching in these subjects. Trainees will need to be enterprising; prepared to take considerable responsibility for their own professional development; daring enough to want to shape the future of citizenship education; and dedicated to (and preferably with some successful experience of) 'making a difference' to the lives of young people'. (Graduate School of Education, Copyright 2007 - University of Bristol.) Teaching Citizenship through history: 'Citizenship and History can be seen as natural partners - this was confirmed by Sir Bernard Crick, the founding father of the modern Citizenship education movement in England: " My personal view, that I have had to be a little bit discreet about at times, is that of all the other subjects History may have (should have) overall the greatest role to playSeeley

American Revolution Essay Example for Free

American Revolution Essay In many societies, music has been a way of life uniquely defining a particular society. Centuries ago, the now African Americans were taken to America as slaves. They went with a rich African musical culture applying it in their places of work like the fields. There they sung work songs, field hollers, chants and shouts. In the 19th century they were granted freedom under the American Revolution and this had an effect on their lives. They could no longer meet in the field where they sung communally they still needed a way to self express themselves. They therefore adopted a more self centered and personalized kind of music the so called blue music. Blue music was not actually a new kind of music, but it was a new concept in music that was personalized. Much of the former songs they involved a group of people in performance. There were soloists and the respondents. However, this new concept in music was more personified, the singer responded to himself or herself. There were teachings that existed, the Haratio Alger model, and which also led to emergency of blue music. The assumption that one self destiny was influenced by him/herself motivated personalized kind of life and therefore the blue music (McElrath, J 2000) Blue music is very important in African American music platform. Over the years, it has evolved from blue, to rhythm and blues (RB) to the hip hop a popular kind of music in the modern world. The introduction of the guitar to the rural black habitations in the post civil war periods was significant in the emerging of blue music. They could now play more flattered notes otherwise called the blue notes. It also influenced other kind of music for instant the rock music, jazz tunes, guitarist music. (New York Times, 2007) Blue music was not limited to anyone. Unlike other kind of music, they were not based on age, season, setting or even location. In fact, they were played by all ages, at any season, any setting for instant workplaces, homes churches. Their main target was expressing immediate individual feelings, pain, hope, desire, pride and suffering. (Campbell et al, 2004) Blue music evolution can be classified in terms of time and location. The Mississippi Delta area came up with a highly charged style of blue music performance which was of high degree. These were termed as Delta Blues. They were mainly slow tunes pioneered by music icons like Charley Patton (1934) Son House and Robert Johnson (1937). They guitar acted as a vocalist where it was played using a glass slide. This was different from the Ragtime Blues that existed in the middle south. These blues were light hearted. The singers used their fingers especially the thumb establishing a recurring bass picking a melody that emphasized the off beats. Blind Boy Fuller (1941) and Blind Blake (1933) pioneered this kind of blues. The religious blues is another classification in blue music. Mainly they were sacred drawn from the ring shouts and spirituals that came before them. Blind Willie Johnson (1949) pioneered this class. There was migrating to the urban centers by the African Americans. There was need to reformat this kind of music to be more attractive and involve dancing. Previously, it was surrounded by some irregularities. This led to a class of blues called the Urban Blues. William Christopher Handy (1958) is an important icon in this type of music. This was significant to Jazz singers. As time went by, the blacks needed to adapt to the urban cities. Those talented in singing had to be vigorous. They started singing even in clubs and bars. These places are generally noisy and needed an improved guitars sound to counter the noise. They started using the electric guitar evolving blues to what was called the electric blues. This occurred the period after the World War II. Important icons included Muddy Water, Howlin’ Wolf and B. B King. Thereafter, blue music influenced the emergency of RB that combined Jazz and pop too. (New York Times, 2007) The migration to the cities came with its impact. The African American women popularized the classic blues. In the cities, they had freedom over rural beliefs and stands. They could now sing out of the church. On the other hand, there was need to perform in entertainment, theaters clubs and dance halls. Women therefore started performing in these places. 1920s was significant for this kind of blues after Mimic Smith’s recorded ‘crazy blues’ which motivated other classical blues singers. (Arc Catalging Genre Help sheet, 2002) The classical blues popularity declined with the rise of the country blues. The success of classical blues motivated recording companies to market more as those recording classical music made a lot of profits. There emerged competent male singers taking over the blue music field. (Chart communication Inc, 2006) Like any other kind of music, the blues have had an impact in the previous society, the present and will continue to the generations to come. Far from influencing the emergency of RB music and hip-hop, it has changed the lifestyle of people. Most of music stars are modeled by many people especially in their personality and fashion a base where many fashion developers advertise their products. Many people especially the youth have modeled these stars adapting their dress cord, personality, dancing style and others. Most of their video shooting incorporates seductive and suggestive moves if not romantic. Therefore it has had an influence on people’s sexuality behaviors. Due to its music culture, it has promoted drug abuse in the society especially among the youth. Some music stars are substances abuser and a model can adapt such personality. Music has an effect on people feelings. In fact, blues are associated with personified feeling and therefore can influence crime by either promoting it or causing incitement. In history of blues, its evolution was highly characterized by performance in leisure places. It has influenced clubs, entertainment, dancing and alcohol use among other issues. (Jelsoft Enterprises, 2008) Generally, the nature of blue music has influenced not only the entire music industry the lifestyle of human beings but also other dimensions of life; economic, culture religion, politics and social. The notion music is life is real considering its impact in the society. We can not derive that humanity is directly influenced by music and its effects that ranges from relaxation to incitement. Blues music is not an exception in this. Its popularity not only in United States but also in the entire world has economically empowered nations. African Americans economical capability has relied on entertainment, primarily on blue music. It has in turn influenced the economy of the entire nation. The recording firms have emerged providing employment to the entire population and economically empowering the stars. The hip hop music has its roots on blue music. The rise of hip hop culture therefore can primarily be based on the blues music. It has therefore influenced culture significantly. In religion, music is one element of communication especially in it information delivery target. Indeed, most of the inspiring gospel music, the so called worshiping music, is blues. They have influenced prayers and the entire religious doctrines. In politics, blues have been composed to send messages and inform people about issues related to politics. In fact, they have been used in political rallies to emotionally move people. In Russia it was associated with post communist phenomena’s. Not only have they been used in politics but also in social context. Blues have a reputation of being a base for most re known love songs and emotion expressions. These songs have been used in marriages, reconciliation and have had a big impact in social settings. Music impact on humanity is profound. Their influence on life dimensions seeks its greater attention. Over the past years, the industry has recommendably been exploited changing the whole world. Pointing to the African Americans, their reputation has been characterized by their impact on entertainment industry especially the music industry, of course their music superiority rooting from blues. It is therefore worth to lift blues music, modernize them and mod it in a way that it will affect many other generations to come. We need to lift the burn that music is life and therefore, there is life in music. References: Arc Catalging Genre Help sheet (2002) classic blues. Retrieved on Friday, November 14, 2008 from http://www. arcmusic. org/features/blues_guides/classic_blues. pdf Blood. Retrieved on Friday, November 14, 2008 from http://www. colinlinden. com/Media_Room/Reprints/chartattack. com_- _Jan_25_2006_-_Country-Blues_Runs_Deep_In_Colin_Linden_s_Blood. pdf Campbell, J, Chilcoat, L, Derby, S, Greenfield, B Heller, B. C (2004) USA: Lonely Planet. Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd (2008) Sociological Observation: Impact of Music on Society. Retrieved on Friday, November 14, 2008 from http://path-to- peace. com/community/showthread. php? t=23 McElrath, J (2000) The Blues and the Development of Personalized Song: about. com. Retrieved on Friday, November 14, 2008 from http://afroamhistory. about. com/od/bluesmusic/a/bluesmusic. htm New York Times (2007) The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind: Macmillan.

The Concept Of Global Governance

The Concept Of Global Governance This essay seeks to examine how the concept of global governance as has become a key issue in solving global problems. The essay will start by introducing the concepts of global governance using different readings, lectures, Journals and my personal view regarding the issue. The first section of the essay will illustrate the need of global governance as required for global solution, and the second section will examine some criticism/challenges on implementation of global governance. Finally, the author will draw a conclusion based on review findings. The concept of global governance has become a controversial idea in academic and international world today. For the last two decades the notion was mainly focus on political theory overview, however, the meaning has become broader and it includes further disciplines. Pattberg and Dingwerth (2006:188) accept that, the meaning of global governance stems mainly from the fact that the concept is evoked not only where governance in the sense in which it has been introduced in political theory is at issue, but also in a variety of further contexts. In this regards, it evaluates that the idea of global governance it relevant link with highly political processes, focused on accountability, legitimacy authority, democracy, though which increasing of market liberalisation and poverty reduction programmes can be addressed as global issue. In addition Pattberg and Dingwerth (2006:187) state that, global governance perspective can be defined in two major part namely normative and analytical uses. Normative use, is explained as political programme, global governance is not so much an empirical or analytical term as it is political concept that capture a vision of how societies should address the most pressing global problem. The above definition emphasise that, global governance as political programme does not provide the consideration on the different extending problem it focus on political struggle, social transformation, democracy, power and rule of law. At this point in time global governance is still more vision than description of actual state of the international state (ibid.2006:194). On the other hand, analytical uses (observable phenomenon) level of implementation and pursuit of goals is very crucial for the process of global governance, Global governance is conceived to include system of rule at all levels of human activity from the family to the international organisation. (ibid.2006:189) In generally, this perspective insists that, the level of implementation of global governance is very essential and can be determined from family to international level. Hence, the term global does not directly mean only global in nature, but also the need to emphasize solving problems in state, regional and international levels is very necessary. In generally, Global governance is understood as the way of solving globally problems. Most literatures describe this concept as a process of finding the solution to existing problems globally. Whitman (2009:8) argues that, global governance suffices to outline the scope of global governance as an activity: Efforts to bring more orderly and reliability to social and political issues that are beyond the capacity of states to address individually. The above definition it evaluates that, the notion of global governance is an instrument or tools which is based on facing of emerging global problems, hence individual states may not alone solve the existing or emerging humanitarian and political problems. Different with above scholars, many writes explain that, global governance is a process which is less integrated with global solution. Murphy. (2000: 791) accepts that, global governance widely accepted, instance of the moral insufficiency of contemporary global governance. This situation evaluate that, global governance demonstrating that, the process is insufficient to provide global solution due to exiting international institutional fail to take an immediate responds on humanitarian crisis. Example the 1994 Rwanda genocide, UN had enforced the Tusi military stopped massacre at early stage. Furthermore, global governance has less correlation with globalisation process, hence; it has extended the gap on democratic procedure and economic interactions and balance of power between poor and rich countries. Murphy. (2000:791). global-level governance is less concerned with globalisations undermining of substantive democracy and more concerned with the consequences of an unregulated world. Therefore, it analysis that, the process of globalisation is undermine democratic procedure at national level at same time global governance is not effective in address national level issue. In my view, I agree with Halabis view (2004:23) that global governance is an attempt to manipulate the forces of globalisation, mitigate globalisations negative effects due to globalisation is the is an exogenously given factor that does not automatically lead to global governance in the same way that anarchy in the international system does not necessary lead to cooperation among state.(ibid; 23).Therefore the existing globally problem namely, international crime, and environmental changes, HIV/Aids and adaptive mutation, international migrations, all these problems requires global rules and global actors. Hence the successful of this process needs correlation from different actors. Whitman (2009:12) accepts that, different actors states most prominently; international law and organisation; regional organisations; the scientific and medical communities; and non-governmental and commercial organisation. Conversely, peoples participation from different levels is very is very crucial i n order to solve social, economic and political problem, in pursuing globally development. Why the need for Global Governance: As it mentioned above the meaning of global governance has become broader. Global governance can accelerates the pace of process of globalisation by using international institutions link with social economic and political field. Halabi (2004:24) agreed that, global governance is an attempt to administer globalization and resolve dispute between states so that developing as well as developed countries can purse wealth under constructed structure of their own choice. In this regards, it is argue that, the existing internationally problems needs globally interferences rather than individual state action, in different level Individual states can empower the international actors to address the existing challenges. Indeed, Whitman (2009:1) accepts that HIV/AIDS pandemic; climate change; criminal and terrorist network and nuclear weapons these are regarding as global crises which require global attention rather individual states. Since 1980s the concept of global environmental and climate changes is considered as one among the policy of global governance, due to its effects and challenges resulting from on it. In addition Halabi (2004:24) argue that, environmental changes such as global warming have occurred as a result of excessive utilization of resources and pollution. In this regards, global environmental change has been the result of technological and industrial developments which poses threat to leaves world. In other words, the effects of climate change is increasing the destruction of productive area, and causing and hazards around the world by increasing carbon dioxide, emission of sea production and other natural resources. As a tool and instrument, global governance it enhances representativeness of political processes, regulations and accountability by different actors like UN (United Nations) Human Right Institutions, ICC (international Court of Criminal) Security Council and civil society by monitoring and evaluating international security, and fighting different crimes international crime such as terrorism , and development nuclear weapons and sale of small arms which have led to increased is conflicts, genocide and other effects in different part of the world. As Mehta(2007:01) point out, the world security situation is more dangerous now that during the cold war, there are continuous violence in Iraq, and Afghanistan, tension of looming attack on Iran and terrorist organisation acquiring nuclear weapons. In other word, without security council and UN to impose global rule which will governed and save the people especially vulnerable and innocent and group including women and children. Consequentl y, will be devastating also both developing and developed countries continue to spend more budgets in military rather then in social and development programmes which has negative consequences in society. Global Governance is needed to reverse these trends. Many writers have argued that global trade is one area in which a global solution is needed. At currently, the main regulator of international trade World Trade Organisation (WTO). However, this institution is being criticized for favouring the developed world and rather discriminating against developing countries in terms of its policies and practices such as subsidies and fair trade in the global market. Whitman(2009:2) notes that, global trade is regulated by international and agreements, most notably the WTO, these regulations are problematic in practical ways and are a certainly highly contentious in political terms, but trade is a dynamic features of way of life, not problem that can be solved. As a matter of fact, there is a big gap between developing countries and industrial countries which constrains trade between them. Developing countries are still facing implementation problems of the regulations including high tariffs, productivity, and production function and income dis tribution. Challenges: This essay has assessed the need for global governance to find out why should now we speak of global solution in international political economy field. Global governance as process linking with globalisation, it speed up solving globally problem, international regulation of laws and enhance development around the world, It is still is debatable process, relation of development particular in developing countries However, it is still is a debatable process, particularly in relation to development in developing countries. There are different challenges which are facing the process and practice of global governance. These challenges are: Firstly, the main challenge is domination of actors in implementation of this process. It is still confusing and it is believed that, the concept global means only dominants of powerful actors like G8 and G20. According to Mehta, (2007:4), the G8 (France, United Kingdom, Germany, USA, Japan, Italy, Canada and Russian), initially concentrating on economic matters are now in a sense representative of world community, and yet playing a powerful role in guiding the response to international challenges. This indicates that, in economic point of view, G8 as the powerful act as one institution regulates and guide world economic procedures. Hence the correlation between global governance and the poor and rich countries is to large extent, less comprehensible due to existing hierarchy of dominant and subordinate states. On the hand, the existence of unilateral power is one among the constraints for implementing global governance. The question is global governance, of, by and for whom? Whitman, (2009; 1). The unilateral mode is being led by powerful States only Besides including Security Council solution. Mehta (2007:3) state that, The US, under the guise of finding weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq, led a unilateral invasion on the country without an explicit security Council authority Conclusion To sum up, this paper has argued that, there is the need for global solution as perspective of international relation discipline, from a certain point of view, the existing situation of the global solving problem it remain is unsatisfactory to provide the clear picture of the meaning of global governance. Hence there is further need for international agencies and individual states to take purposeful actions to generate responsiveness on informing the meaning of global governance and how it can be implemented. Not only that changing of mind of people, states, civil societies and other actors about the fact that existing international problems can only be solved by global institutions it is also important to recognise that no individual or state can solve its problems entirely without interaction between different partners. Also, the essay has established that the practice of the processes of global governance today has biases between the dominant and subordinate states in different areas such as international trade, security, and finance, and democracy; hence the urgent need for all actors to work together in order to reduce challenges which hinder implementation of global governance processes. Furthermore, there is the need to the global community to minimize if not completely subdue unilateral rule in the implementation of global governance, processes since this rather creates physical and structural violence resulting in negative effects on vulnerable groups, including women and children. Finally, there is the urgent tasks of international agencies including ILO, World Bank, IMF, WTO, UN, civil societies, and individual states to work in a coordinated manner to help developing countries meet all the MDGs goals and ensure peace, protection for human rights and reduction of climate change impacts at national, regional and international levels Global governance thus have an important role in ensuring this happen in addition to creating a peaceful nuclear free global community.

Whitman Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whitman Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Love is the greatest gift that God has bestowed upon mankind. Defining love is different for every culture, race, and religion. Walt Whitman’s love is ever changing for anyone who tries to love him or understand his work. Love can be broken down into a multitude of emotions, and feelings towards someone or some object. In order to find love that is searched for, preparations must be made to allow the full experience of Whoever You Are Holding Me Now in Hand by Walt Whitman to be pious. Walt Whitman’s poem is devoted to the fullness of love, and a description of fantasy and reality. A journey to find love starts with knowledge that both participants are willing, and able to consummate their love in judgment under God. Time is the greatest accomplice to justify the energy and sacrifice needed to start developing the ingredients needed for love to grow. Each stanza is a new ingredient to add to the next stanza. Over time, this addition of each stanza wi ll eventually lead to a conclusion. A conclusion that love is ever changing, and people must either change along with love or never know the miracle of love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines love as a strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties. Love is a journey that begins by building a foundation of trust, commitment, and understanding. The speaker is thorough and demanding to the point that the speaker becomes a faà §ade to keep prospective loves away. Without love as the speaker begins to say life becomes pointless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Without one thing all will be useless, (Whitman 2) The listener does not comprehend where the speaker is coming from at first. An example of emotions that are ebbing would be the calm before the storm. A nervousness that is powerless to prevent what the inevitable outcome will be. The speaker knows what it would take to mature fully a relationship that love could blossom out of. Unaware is the listener of the intent of the speaker to dishearten any further a seed that never had the chance to amply develop love. Love is funny when it becomes the focal point in a relationship. This time usually comes after the period of adjustment between two people who have decided to further enhance their love experience. Questions begin to a... ...ionships that stay together without love. Everyone should be taught how to search the soul for their emotional state of mind that they are in before they get involved in a relationship. Love, emotions, and relationships should all come with instructions to be read before opening. Walt puts perspective on reality and fantasy when it comes to relationship. The deeper the love is for one another will allow the couple to grow not only physically, but most importantly the couple becomes closer spiritually. Spirituality is the final step in the journey of love. Spirituality takes precedence over every aspect of human nature. That euphoria that is also understood to be the blessings of our Father in Heaven.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Works Cited Baym, Nina. â€Å"The Norton Anthology of American Literature.† Rev. 6 ed W.W. Norton & Company: New York, 2003. Common Questions on Walt Whitman. 2 February 2005 http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu. Poems and Biography by AmericanPoems.com. 2 February 2005 http://www.americanpoems.com. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated: Springfield, Mass, 2003.